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Question 1:

Which of the following monitors network traffic in real time?

A. network-based IDS

B. host-based IDS C. application-based IDS

D. firewall-based IDS

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: This type of IDS is called a network-based IDS because monitors network traffic in real time.

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 48

Question 2:

You wish to make use of “port knocking” technologies. How can you BEST explain this?

A. Port knocking is where the client will attempt to connect to a predefined set of ports to identify him as an authorized client.

B. Port knocking is where the user calls the server operator to have him start the service he wants to connect to.

C. This is where all the ports are open on the server and the connecting client scans the open port to which he wants to connect to see if it\’s open and running.

D. Port knocking is where the port sequence is encrypted with 3DES and only the server has the other key to decrypt the port sequence.

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: The other answers are incorrect

The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:

http://www.portknocking.org/

Question 3:

Which one of the following factors is NOT one on which Authentication is based?

A. Type 1 Something you know, such as a PIN or password

B. Type 2 Something you have, such as an ATM card or smart card

C. Type 3 Something you are (based upon one or more intrinsic physical or behavioral traits), such as a fingerprint or retina scan

D. Type 4 Something you are, such as a system administrator or security administrator

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: Authentication is based on the following three factor types:

Type 1. Something you know, such as a PIN or password Type 2. Something you have, such as an ATM card or smart card Type 3. Something you are (Unique physical characteristic), such as a fingerprint or retina scan

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley and Sons, Page 36. Also: HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide, McGraw-Hill/

Osborne, 2002, chapter 4: Access Control (pages 132-133).

Question 4:

Which of the following biometric parameters are better suited for authentication use over a long period of time?

A. Iris pattern

B. Voice pattern

C. Signature dynamics

D. Retina pattern

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: The iris pattern is considered lifelong. Unique features of the iris are:

freckles, rings, rifts, pits, striations, fibers, filaments, furrows, vasculature and coronas. Voice, signature and retina patterns are more likely to change over time, thus are not as suitable for authentication over a long period of time without

needing re-enrollment. Source: FERREL, Robert G, Questions and Answers for the CISSP Exam, domain 1 (derived from the Information Security Management Handbook, 4th Ed., by Tipton and Krause).

Question 5:

Which of the following is not a security goal for remote access?

A. Reliable authentication of users and systems

B. Protection of confidential data

C. Easy to manage access control to systems and network resources

D. Automated login for remote users

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: An automated login function for remote users would imply a weak authentication, thus certainly not a security goal. Source: TIPTON, Harold F. and KRAUSE, Micki, Information Security Management Handbook, 4th edition, volume 2, 2001, CRC Press, Chapter 5: An Introduction to Secure Remote Access (page 100).

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Question 6:

What is the primary goal of setting up a honey pot?

A. To lure hackers into attacking unused systems

B. To entrap and track down possible hackers

C. To set up a sacrificial lamb on the network

D. To know when certain types of attacks are in progress and to learn about attack techniques so the network can be fortified.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: The primary purpose of a honeypot is to study the attack methods of an attacker for the purposes of understanding their methods and improving defenses.

“To lure hackers into attacking unused systems” is incorrect. Honeypots can serve as decoys but their primary purpose is to study the behaviors of attackers.

“To entrap and track down possible hackers” is incorrect. There are a host of legal issues around enticement vs entrapment but a good general rule is that entrapment is generally prohibited and evidence gathered in a scenario that could be considered as “entrapping” an attacker would not be admissible in a court of law. “To set up a sacrificial lamb on the network” is incorrect. While a honeypot is a sort of sacrificial lamb and may attract attacks that might have been directed against production systems, its real purpose is to study the methods of attackers with the goals of better understanding and improving network defenses. AIO3, p. 213

Question 7:

Which of the following is the WEAKEST authentication mechanism?

A. Passphrases

B. Passwords

C. One-time passwords

D. Token devices

Correct Answer: B

Explanation: Most of the time users usually choose passwords which can be guessed , hence passwords is the BEST answer out of the choices listed above.

The following answers are incorrect because :

Passphrases is incorrect as it is more secure than a password because it is longer. One-time passwords is incorrect as the name states , it is good for only once and cannot be reused.

Token devices is incorrect as this is also a password generator and is an one time password mechanism.

Reference : Shon Harris AIO v3 , Chapter-4 : Access Control , Page : 139 , 142

Question 8:

What IDS approach relies on a database of known attacks?

A. Signature-based intrusion detection

B. Statistical anomaly-based intrusion detection

C. Behavior-based intrusion detection

D. Network-based intrusion detection

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: A weakness of the signature-based (or knowledge-based) intrusion detection approach is that only attack signatures that are stored in a database are detected. Network-based intrusion detection can either be signature-based or

statistical anomaly- based (also called behavior-based).

Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. and VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley and Sons, 2001, Chapter 2: Access control systems (page 49).

Question 9:

In the course of responding to and handling an incident, you work on determining the root cause of the incident. In which step are you in?

A. Recovery

B. Containment

C. Triage

D. Analysis and tracking

Correct Answer: D

Explanation: In this step, your main objective is to examine and analyze what has occurred and focus on determining the root cause of the incident.

Recovery is incorrect as recovery is about resuming operations or bringing affected systems back into production Containment is incorrect as containment is about reducing the potential impact of an incident. Triage is incorrect as triage is about determining the seriousness of the incident and filtering out false positives

Reference:

Official Guide to the CISSP CBK, pages 700-704

Question 10:

You have been approached by one of your clients . They are interested in doing some security re-engineering . The client is looking at various information security models. It is a highly secure environment where data at high classifications cannot be leaked to subjects at lower classifications . Of primary concern to them, is the identification of potential covert channel. As an Information Security Professional , which model would you recommend to the client?

A. Information Flow Model combined with Bell Lapadula

B. Bell Lapadula

C. Biba

D. Information Flow Model

Correct Answer: A

Explanation: Securing the data manipulated by computing systems has been a challenge in the past years. Several methods to limit the information disclosure exist today, such as access control lists, firewalls, and cryptography. However, although these methods do impose limits on the information that is released by a system, they provide no guarantees about information propagation. For example, access control lists of file systems prevent unauthorized file access, but they do not control how the data is used afterwards. Similarly, cryptography provides a means to exchange information privately across a non-secure channel, but no guarantees about the confidentiality of the data are given once it is decrypted. In low level information flow analysis, each variable is usually assigned a security level. The basic model comprises two distinct levels: low and high, meaning, respectively, publicly observable information, and secret information. To ensure confidentiality, flowing information from high to low variables should not be allowed. On the other hand, to ensure integrity, flows to high variables should be restricted. More generally, the security levels can be viewed as a lattice with information flowing only upwards in the lattice.

Noninterference Models

This could have been another good answer as it would help in minimizing the damage from covert channels.

The goal of a noninterference model is to help ensure that high-level actions (inputs) do not determine what low-level user s can see (outputs ) . Most of the security models presented are secured by permitting restricted ows between high-

and low-level users. The noninterference model maintains activities at different security levels to separate these levels from each other. In this way, it minimizes leakages that may happen through covert channels, because there is complete

separation (noninterference) between security levels. Because a user at a higher security level has no way to interfere with the activities at a lower level, the lower-level user cannot get any information from the higher leve.

The following answers are incorrect:

Bell Lapadula

The Bell-LaPadula Model (abbreviated BLP) is a state machine model used for enforcing access control in government and military applications. It was developed by David Elliott Bell and Leonard J. LaPadula, subsequent to strong guidance

from Roger R. Schell to formalize the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) multilevel security (MLS) policy. The model is a formal state transition model of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules which use security

labels on objects and clearances for subjects. Security labels range from the most sensitive (e.g.”Top Secret”), down to the least sensitive (e.g., “Unclassified” or “Public”).

The Bell璍aPadula model focuses on data confidentiality and controlled access to classified information, in contrast to the Biba Integrity Model which describes rules for the protection of data integrity. In this formal model, the entities in an

information system are divided into subjects and objects. The notion of a “secure state” is defined, and it is proven that each state transition preserves security by moving from secure state to secure state, thereby inductively proving that the

system satisfies the security objectives of the model. The Bell璍aPadula model is built on the concept of a state machine with a set of allowable states in a computer network system. The transition from one state to another state is defined by

transition functions.

A system state is defined to be “secure” if the only permitted access modes of subjects to objects are in accordance with a security policy. To determine whether a specific access mode is allowed, the clearance of a subject is compared to the

classification of the object (more precisely, to the combination of classification and set of compartments, making up the security level) to determine if the subject is authorized for the specific access mode. The clearance/classification scheme

is expressed in terms of a lattice. The model defines two mandatory access control (MAC) rules and one discretionary access control (DAC) rule with three security properties:

The Simple Security Property – a subject at a given security level may not read an object at a higher security level (no read-up).

The -property (read “star”-property) – a subject at a given security level must not write to any object at a lower security level (no write-down). The -property is also known as the Confinement property.

The Discretionary Security Property – use of an access matrix to specify the discretionary access control.

The transfer of information from a high-sensitivity document to a lower-sensitivity document may happen in the Bell璍aPadula model via the concept of trusted subjects. Trusted Subjects are not restricted by the -property. Untrusted subjects

are. Trusted Subjects must be shown to be trustworthy with regard to the security policy. This security model is directed toward access control and is characterized by the phrase: “no read up, no write down.”

With Bell-LaPadula, users can create content only at or above their own security level (i.e. secret researchers can create secret or top-secret files but may not create public files; no write-down). Conversely, users can view content only at or

below their own security level (i.e. secret researchers can view public or secret files, but may not view top-secret files; no read-up).

The Bell璍aPadula model explicitly defined its scope. It did not treat the following extensively:

Covert channels. Passing information via pre-arranged actions was described briefly. Networks of systems. Later modeling work did address this topic. Policies outside multilevel security. Work in the early 1990s showed that MLS is one

version of boolean policies, as are all other published policies.

Biba

The Biba Model or Biba Integrity Model developed by Kenneth J. Biba in 1977, is a formal state transition system of computer security policy that describes a set of access control rules designed to ensure data integrity. Data and subjects are

grouped into ordered levels of integrity. The model is designed so that subjects may not corrupt objects in a level ranked higher than the subject, or be corrupted by objects from a lower level than the subject.

In general the model was developed to circumvent a weakness in the Bell璍aPadula model which only addresses data confidentiality.

In general, preservation of data integrity has three goals:

Prevent data modification by unauthorized parties

Prevent unauthorized data modification by authorized parties Maintain internal and external consistency (i.e. data reflects the real world)

Note: Biba address only the first goal of integrity while Clark-Wilson addresses all three

This security model is directed toward data integrity (rather than confidentiality) and is characterized by the phrase: “no read down, no write up”. This is in contrast to the Bell- LaPadula model which is characterized by the phrase “no write

down, no read up”. In the Biba model, users can only create content at or below their own integrity level (a monk may write a prayer book that can be read by commoners, but not one to be read by a high priest). Conversely, users can only

view content at or above their own integrity level (a monk may read a book written by the high priest, but may not read a pamphlet written by a lowly commoner). Another analogy to consider is that of the military chain of command. A General

may write orders to a Colonel, who can issue these orders to a Major. In this fashion, the General\’s original orders are kept intact and the mission of the military is protected (thus, “no read down” integrity). Conversely, a Private can never

issue orders to his Sergeant, who may never issue orders to a Lieutenant, also protecting the integrity of the mission (“no write up”).

The Biba model defines a set of security rules similar to the Bell-LaPadula model. These rules are the reverse of the Bell-LaPadula rules:

The Simple Integrity Axiom states that a subject at a given level of integrity must not read an object at a lower integrity level (no read down). The * (star) Integrity Axiom states that a subject at a given level of integrity must not write to any

object at a higher level of integrity (no write up).

Lattice Model

In computer security, lattice-based access control (LBAC) is a complex access control model based on the interaction between any combination of objects (such as resources, computers, and applications) and subjects (such as individuals,

groups or organizations).

In this type of label-based mandatory access control model, a lattice is used to define the levels of security that an object may have and that a subject may have access to. The subject is only allowed to access an object if the security level of

the subject is greater than or equal to that of the object.

Mathematically, the security level access may also be expressed in terms of the lattice (a partial order set) where each object and subject have a greatest lower bound (meet) and least upper bound (join) of access rights. For example, if two

subjects A and B need access to an object, the security level is defined as the meet of the levels of A and B. In another example, if two objects X and Y are combined, they form another object Z, which is assigned the security level formed by

the join of the levels of X and Y.

The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:

ISC2 Review Seminar Student Manual V800 page 255

Dorothy Denning developed the information flow model to address convert channels .

and

The ISC2 Official Study Guide, Second Edition, on page 683-685 and

https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Biba_security_model and

https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Bell–LaPadula_model and

https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Lattice-based_access_control

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